Project Management

[...] flow of production, income and expenditure. On the basis of these, three related flows; national income can be looked at (i) as a flow of goods and services, or (ii) as a flow of incomes, or (iii) [...]

[...] National income refers to the total income of the nation in a particular period of time. National income data reveals the aggregate economic performance of the economy as a whole. National income & [...]

[...] Differences The monetarists emphasize the role of money in explaining short changes in national income. Friedman and Schwartz have shown that changes in the money supply cause changes in national [...]

[...] responsible for inflation. According to the quantity theory of money, at a given level of national income (potential as well as actual) the general price level (P) rises in the same proportion as [...]

[...] All the activities from market research to satisfy customers’ need is called marketing mix. This included the questions such as ‘What type of goods need to be produced? How to [...]

[...] elements do not remain under the control of entrepreneurs or any business organization, marketing mix should be made fitting to this environment. Economic Environmental Elements Income [...]

[...] , so it is also a product. Any type of product should be taken as a very important component of marketing mix. This fulfils needs of the society. If there is lack of product/goods, marketing becomes [...]

[...] , it should identify target markets by making market segmentation and should develop proper marketing mix. Market segmentation is customer oriented mission, in which total market is divided into [...]

[...] needs to be faced, cost and risk may increase and profit decrease. So, distribution channel should be selected considering mainly the following strategic factors/elements. Product [...]

[...] for selling out. The way used to send goods/products of a company to consumers is called distribution channel. Distribution channels may not be same forever. Distribution channel should be changed [...]

[...] functions are emphasized in physical distribution. Marketing channel is also called distribution channel. They way which is used to supply products to the consumers is called marketing channel. [...]

[...] channel structure, it works as a good bridge between producers and consumers. This type of distribution channel may be direct or indirect. In direct channel, the producers supply their products to the [...]

[...] intelligence. It informs about daily changes in the marketing environment. This helps business organization to identify their weak and strong aspects of competitors and analyze them. As a result, [...]

[...] is a psychological aspect, it becomes difficult to understand, study and analyze. A business organization should, specially, pay more attention towards questions such as –“who [...]

[...] be faced. 4. Want creation and delivery To get success in competitive environment, a business organization should be able to create wants of the customers and deliver goods to satisfy their wants. [...]

[...] of business to satisfy all the types of customers. Size of business: Different sizes of business organization (customers) operate in industrial market. It (size of business) can be used as the [...]

[...] and monitory policies are included in economic policy. These policies also affect business organizations directly. So, such policies should be studied carefully. Tax and public expenditure [...]

[...] toward goods or services by conducting promotional activities and mass selling. Many business organizations adopt this concept of marketing. Whatever high quality of goods or service may be, the [...]

[...] continuity. After studying wants of customers and external environment, producers or business organizations should develop new product/goods. Most of the business companies or producers can get [...]

[...] publications are also the important sources for collection of secondary data. The business organizations should compulsorily submit their annual reports of income-statement, balance sheet, cash [...]

[...] goods. Giving information to the target customers about the products is called promotion. Promotional activities create demand for goods. This promotion includes the activities such as personal sale, [...]

[...] in agricultural/ animal products, a proper strategy should be adopted for such goods, No promotional activities need to be conducted in context of distribution/ supply of raw materials, No pre or post [...]

[...] cost, the price of the products also becomes high. Personal selling, advertising, promotional activities etc. should massively conducted. The customers do not easily accept the new products [...]

[...] of the new products. For this task, heavy advertisement, personal selling and other promotional activities should be conducted effectively through which the possible customers can be attracted [...]

[...] sopa Liril, Cammay, Lux etc. can be taken as examples of brand name. According to Prof. Philip Kotler, “Brand name is that part of brand which can be vocalized.” 3. Brand mark Brand [...]

[...] moving the right amount of right products to the right place at the right time." Prof. Philip Kotler has defined it as, "Physical distribution or marketing logistics involves planning [...]

[...] have defined retail trade and retailing. The important definitions are given as follows: Prof. Philip Kotler has defined retailing and retail trade as, “Retailing includes all the activities [...]

[...] or service to those who are buying for purpose of resale or for business use.” Prof. Philip Kotler has defined it as, “Wholesaling includes all activities involved in selling goods or [...]